Stones are a common problem affecting the urinary tract. They commonly occur in the kidney or the ureter (the tube that conducts urine from the kidneys to the bladder) but can occur at other sites such as the bladder or urethra (tube through which we pass urine from the bladder).

These stones are ‘real’ stones just like the stones one sees in nature! Patients with stones commonly present with pain, blood in the urine, burning sensation in urine or fever. Rarely there may be no symptoms and the stone is identified incidentally on imaging done for some other problem. Confirmation of diagnosis may require various combinations of ultrasonography, X-rays, IVU (intravenous urogram) or CT scan.

Small stones may be managed by medication alone. Larger stones or those causing swelling in the kidney or infection need to be treated, sometimes urgently. Removal of stones can be accomplished by ESWL (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy), keyhole removal (PCNL), removal by ureteroscopy (URS) or rarely by laparoscopy. Small stones are well suited to ESWL which is non invasive although some patients may require the placement of a small tube in the kidney called a stent. Larger stones are best removed by PCNL or URS.

We remove even large and complex stones (such as staghorn stones) by minimally invasive methods and have a large experience with the removal of such stones in normal or even congenitally malformed kidneys such as horseshoe kidneys or malrotated kidneys.

Congenital duplication of ureter with multiple stones in both renal moieties and the ureter. Stone clearance by combined ureteroscopy and PCNL